Search
Linear Multi-Collateral Perpetual Contract Specifications

Perpetual Futures are a type of Futures contract that have no expiration date and have an auto-rolling feature every hour. These contracts feature a funding rate, which is a user-to-user payment designed to keep the price of the perpetual futures contract aligned to its underlying asset’s index price (i.e. the spot price of the underlying asset). If the premium is above zero, then the long positions payout to short positions, and if the premium is below zero, then the short positions pay out to the long positions. Traders will either pay or receive funding depending on the market movements. The price divergence is calculated every hour and funding credits/debits accumulate as unrealised profit/loss settling at the end of each hour or when the net position changes. 

Below you can find three sections: a detailed table with the specifications of each contract, funding rate and other important information followed by multiple examples to demonstrate the mechanics of a perpetual contract. All multi-collateral futures use the multi-collateral wallet for margining.

Click below to expand each section:
Contract Specifications Table

Please note:

All multi-collateral contracts have a lot size of 1 unit of the base currency. For example, 1 contract of ETH is equal to 1 ETH.

The quote currency for all contracts is the U.S. Dollar (USD).

Some linear contracts can be in post-only mode, meaning no trades can be executed but orders can be placed. When sufficient liquidity has been established, post-only will be removed on a contract by contract basis.

Index constituents can be found here.

SymbolStatusBase CurrencyMin orderTick SizeMax Position (Base units)Impact MidMargin ClassFirst Trading
PF_ETHUSDActiveEthereum (ETH)0.0010.116,0000.09 ETHClass A23-Mar-2022
PF_XBTUSD*ActiveBitcoin (BTC*)0.000111,2000.006 BTCClass A23-Mar-2022
PF_AAVEUSDActiveAave (AAVE)0.010.0150,0001.85 AAVEClass C27-Jun-2022
PF_ACHUSDActiveAlchemy Pay (ACH)1 0.000001 100,000,000 6000 ACHClass D26-Jul-2023
PF_ADAUSDActiveCardano (ADA)10.0000110,000,000350 ADAClass B23-Mar-2022
PF_AGLDUSDActiveAdventure Gold (AGLD)10.00013,000,000160 AGLDClass D23-Aug-2023
PF_ALICEUSDActiveMy Neighbor Alice (ALICE)10.00011,600,000130 ALICEClass D21-Sep-2022
PF_ALGOUSDActiveAlgorand (ALGO)10.0000117,500,000900 ALGOClass D6-Jul-2022
PF_ALPHAUSDActiveStella (ALPHA)10.0000120,000,0001000 ALPHAClass D19-Jul-2023
PF_ANKRUSDActiveAnkr (ANKR)10.00000150,000,0005,250 ANKRClass D14-Sep-2022
PF_ANTUSDActiveAragon (ANT)10.00011,600,00050 ANTClass D28-Sep-2022
PF_APEUSDActiveApeCoin (APE)10.00011,250,00075 APEClass D13-Jun-2022
PF_APTUSDActiveAptos (APT)0.10.000150,00020 APTClass D19-Oct-2022
PF_ARBUSDActiveArbitrum (ARB)10.00012,000,000110 ARBClass D23-Mar-2023
PF_ARPAUSDActiveARPA (ARPA)10.00001 40,000,0002,000 ARPAClass D19-Jul-2023
PF_ATOMUSDActiveCosmos (ATOM)0.10.001600,00015 ATOMClass B23-Mar-2022
PF_AUDIOUSDActiveAudius (AUDIO)10.0000112,000,000700 AUDIOClass D28-Sep-2022
PF_AVAXUSDActiveAvalanche (AVAX)0.010.01120,0008.5 AVAXClass B23-Mar-2022
PF_AXSUSDActiveAxie Infinity (AXS)0.10.001225,00025 AXSClass C3-Aug-2022
PF_BALUSDActiveBalancer (BAL)0.10.001500,00030 BALClass D21-Sep-2022
PF_BANDUSDActiveBand Protocol (BAND)0.10.00012,400,00075 BANDClass D21-Sep-2022
PF_BATUSDActiveBasic Attention Token (BAT)10.0000110,000,000450 BATClass D20-Jul-2022
PF_BCHUSDActiveBitcoin Cash (BCH)0.010.0130,0001 BCHClass B23-Mar-2022
PF_BLURUSDActiveBlur (BLUR)10.0001250,000550 BLURClass D16-Feb-2023
PF_CFXUSDActiveConflux (CFX)10.00001 10,000,000600 CFXClass D09-Aug-2023
PF_CHZUSDActiveChiliz (CHZ)10.0000145,000,0001700 CHZClass D20-Jul-2022
PF_COMPUSDActiveCompound (COMP)0.10.001100,0002.75 COMPClass D13-Jun-2022
PF_CRVUSDActiveCurve (CRV)10.00015,000,000225 CRVClass C27-Jun-2022
PF_CVXUSDActiveConvex Finance (CVX)10.0001500,00033 CVXClass D30-Mar-2023
PF_DASHUSDActiveDASH (DASH)0.10.00150,0004 DASHClass D24-Aug-2022
PF_DEFIUSDActiveDeFi Composite Index (DEFI)0.010.0110,0000.5 DEFIClass D8-Jun-2022
PF_DOGEUSDActiveDogecoin (DOGE)10.000001150,000,0002000 DOGEClass C20-Jun-2022
PF_DOTUSDActivePolkadot (DOT)0.10.0011,000,00020 DOTClass B23-Mar-2022
PF_DYDXUSDActivedYdX (DYDX)10.00012,000,00050 DYDXClass D7-Sep-2022
PF_EGLDUSDActiveMultiversX (EGLD)0.010.0160,0004 EGLDClass D7-Sep-2022
PF_ENJUSDActiveEnjin (ENJ)0.10.00018,500,000350 ENJClass D13-Jun-2022
PF_ENSUSDActiveEthereum Name Service (ENS)0.10.001200,0007.5 ENSClass D28-Sep-2022
PF_ETCUSDActiveEthereum Classic (ETC)0.10.001125,0005.5 ETCClass C3-Aug-2022
PF_ETHWUSDActiveEthereum PoW (ETHW)0.10.00120,00030 ETHWClass E15-Sep-2022
PF_EOSUSDActiveEOS (EOS)10.00013,000,000170 EOSClass B23-Mar-2022
PF_FETUSDActiveFetch.ai (FET)10.000015,000,000250 FETClass D23-Mar-2023
PF_FILUSDActiveFilecoin (FIL)0.10.001500,00025 FILClass B23-Mar-2022
PF_FLRUSDActiveFlare (FLR)10.0000015,000,0007,000 FLRClass E10-Jan-2023
PF_FLOWUSDActiveFlow (FLOW)10.00011,300,000230 FLOWClass D17-Aug-2022
PF_FTMUSDActiveFantom (FTM)10.0000125,000,000600 FTMClass C20-Jun-2022
PF_FXSUSDActiveFrax Share0.1 0.001300,00020 FXSClass D30-Aug-2023
PF_GALUSDActiveGalxe (GAL)10.00011,000,00050 GALClass E12-Apr-2023
PF_GALAUSDActiveGala (GALA)10.0000175,000,0006000 GALAClass D3-Aug-2022
PF_GLMRUSDActiveMoonbeam (GLMR)10.000014,000,000450 GLMRClass E5-Oct-2022
PF_GMTUSDActiveSTEPN (GMT)10.00015,000,000650 GMTClass C30-May-2022
PF_GMXUSDActiveGMX (GMX)0.010.0145,0003 GMXClass D08-Mar-2023
PF_GRTUSDActiveThe Graph (GRT)10.0000130,000,0001,700 GRTClass C17-Aug-2022
PF_HFTUSDActiveHashflow (HFT)1 0.0001 5,000,000 300 HFTClass D26-Jul-2023
PF_ICPUSDActiveInternet Computer (ICP)0.10.001400,00025 ICPClass D14-Sep-2022
PF_ICXUSDActiveICON (ICX)10.0000110,000,000650 ICXClass D28-Sep-2022
PF_IMXUSDActiveImmutable X (IMX)10.00014,000,000250 IMXClass D12-Oct-2022
PF_INJUSDActiveInjective (INJ)0.10.001500,00020 INJClass D5-Apr-2023
PF_JASMYUSDActiveJasmyCoin (JASMY)10.000001400,000,00030,000 JASMYClass E5-Apr-2023
PF_KAVAUSDActiveKava (KAVA)10.00011,500,000160 KAVAClass D10-Aug-2022
PF_KNCUSDActiveKyber Network Crystal (KNC)10.00012,000,000175 KNCClass D31-Aug-2022
PF_KSMUSDActiveKusama (KSM)0.010.0135,0004 KSMClass D17-Aug-2022
PF_LDOUSDActiveLido DAO (LDO)10.00011,200,00050 LDOClass D08-Mar-2023
PF_LINAUSDActiveLinear Finance (LINA)1 0.000001 100,000,000 7000 LINAClass D09-Aug-2023
PF_LINKUSDActiveChainlink (LINK)0.10.0011,400,00015 LINKClass B23-Mar-2022
PF_LPTUSDActiveLivepeer (LPT)0.10.001500,00015 LPTClass D20-Jul-2022
PF_LRCUSDActiveLoopring (LRC)10.000018,000,000450 LRCClass D10-Aug-2022
PF_LTCUSDActiveLitecoin (LTC)0.010.01200,0001.5 LTCClass B23-Mar-2022
PF_LUNA2USDActiveTerra 2.0 (LUNA2)0.10.001150,000180 LUNA2Class E1-Jun-2022
PF_MANAUSDActiveDecentraland (MANA)10.00017,500,000275 MANAClass C27-Jun-2022
PF_MASKUSDActiveMask Network (MASK)10.0001850,00030 MASKClass D08-Mar-2023
PF_MATICUSDActivePolygon (MATIC)10.000114,000,000180 MATICClass B23-Mar-2022
PF_MINAUSDActiveMina Protocol (MINA)10.00013,500,000270 MINAClass D5-Oct-2022
PF_MKRUSDActiveMaker (MKR)0.0010.15,0000.15 MKRClass D20-Jul-2022
PF_MOONUSDActiveMoons (MOON)1 0.00001 2,000,000 400 MOONClass E7-Aug-2023
PF_NEARUSDActiveNear Protocol (NEAR)10.00011,250,00090 NEARClass D13-Jun-2022
PF_OCEANUSDActiveOcean Protocol (OCEAN)0.10.0000117,000,000750 OCEANClass D21-Sep-2022
PF_OGNUSDActiveOrigin Protocol (OGN)10.0000116,000,0002,000 OGNClass D31-Aug-2022
PF_OMGUSDActiveOMG Network (OMG)0.10.00012,500,000220 OMGClass D13-Jun-2022
PF_1INCHUSDActive1INCH (1INCH)10.00016,000,000400 1INCHClass D24-Aug-2022
PF_OPUSDActiveOptimism (OP)10.00014,000,000115 OPClass D3-Jun-2022
PF_PAXGUSDActivePAX Gold (PAXG)0.0010.11,0000.05 PAXGClass D16-Aug-2023
PF_PEPEUSD**ActivePepe (PEPE)1,0000.0000000001100,420,690,000125,000,000 PEPEClass D25-May-2023
PF_QNTUSDActiveQuant (QNT)0.010.0112,0001 QNTClass E12-Oct-2022
PF_QTUMUSDActiveQTUM (QTUM)10.0001700,00050 QTUMClass D24-Aug-2022
PF_RENUSDActiveRen (REN)10.0000120,000,0002,200 RENClass D14-Sep-2022
PF_RLCUSDActiveiExec RLC (RLC)10.00011,000,00085 RLCClass E12-Apr-2023
PF_RNDRUSDActiveRender (RNDR)10.00012,000,00090 RNDRClass E30-Mar-2023
PF_RUNEUSDActiveTHORChain (RUNE)10.00011,500,000100 RUNEClass D7-Sep-2022
PF_SANDUSDActiveThe Sandbox (SAND)0.10.00015,000,000330 SANDClass C13-Jun-2022
PF_SCUSDActiveSiacoin (SC)10.0000001600,000,00040,000 SCClass D5-Oct-2022
PF_SEIUSDActiveSei (SEI)1 0.00001 15,000,000800 SEIClass D6-Sep-2023
PF_SHIBUSD**ActiveShiba Inu (SHIB)1,0000.000000001100,000,000,00012,500,000 SHIBClass D30-May-2023
PF_SNXUSDActiveSynthetix (SNX)10.00012,000,00060 SNXClass D6-Jul-2022
PF_SOLUSDActiveSolana (SOL)0.010.01120,0008 SOLClass B23-Mar-2022
PF_SRMUSDSettled 15-Nov-2022Serum (SRM)10.00013,500,000125 SRMClass D14-Sep-2022
PF_STGUSDActiveStargate Finance (STG)1 0.0001 3,000,000 175 STGClass D26-Jul-2023
PF_STORJUSDActiveStorj (STORJ)10.00015,000,000450 STORJClass D7-Sep-2022
PF_STXUSDActiveStacks (STX)10.00012,500,000110 STXClass E30-Mar-2023
PF_SUIUSDActiveSui (SUI)10.00011,500,000160 SUIClass D3-May-2023
PF_SUSHIUSDActiveSushiswap (SUSHI)10.00014,000,000180 SUSHIClass D31-Aug-2022
PF_SXPUSDActiveSolar (SXP)1 0.00001 5,000,000 300 SXPClass D19-Jul-2023
PF_THETAUSDActiveTheta Network (THETA)10.00012,500,000160 THETAClass D12-Oct-2022
PF_TRXUSDActiveTron (TRX)10.00000175,000,0002000 TRXClass D20-Jun-2022
PF_TUSDUSDActiveTrueUSD (TUSD)1 0.00012,000,000100 TUSDClass C28-Jun-2023
PF_UNIUSDActiveUniswap (UNI)0.10.0011,000,00020 UNIClass B23-Mar-2022
PF_USDCUSDActiveUSD Coin (USDC)10.00011,000,000100 USDCClass C11-Mar-2023
PF_USDTUSDActiveTether (USD)10.00011,000,000100 USDTClass C11-Mar-2023
PF_WAVESUSDActiveWaves (WAVES)10.00011,000,00050 WAVESClass D13-Jun-2022
PF_WLDUSDActiveWorldcoin (WLD)1 0.00011,000,000100 WLDClass D2-Aug-2023
PF_WOOUSDActiveWoo Network (WOO)10.0000110,000,000500 WOOClass E5-Apr-2023
PF_XLMUSDActiveStellar Lumens (XLM)10.0000160,000,0001,200 XLMClass C6-Jul-2022
PF_XMRUSDActiveMonero (XMR)0.010.0130,0000.75 XMRClass B23-Mar-2022
PF_XRPUSDActiveRipple (XRP)10.0000110,000,000285 XRPClass B23-Mar-2022
PF_XTZUSDActiveTezos (XTZ)10.00015,000,000110 XTZClass D6-Jul-2022
PF_YFIUSDActiveYearn Finance (YFI)0.000117500.020 YFIClass D13-Jul-2022
PF_ZECUSDActiveZCASH (ZEC)0.010.0150,0002.5 ZECClass D24-Aug-2022
PF_ZRXUSDActive0x (ZRX)10.0000110,000,000600 ZRXClass D12-Apr-2023

*BTC is used on the platform UI. XBT is used on the API and account logs. Both refer to Bitcoin (BTC).

**PF_PEPEUSD & PF_SHIBUSD orders must be in increments of 1,000. These contracts are both currently only available on the pro.kraken.com UI. 

Details on Margin Categories available on Margin schedule and maximum leverage

Contract specifications changes available on our Futures Platform Parameters Changelog

Funding Rate and Other Important Information

Funding Rate Change, September 2022

On September 29th, 2022 at 12:00 UTC, the funding rate settlement period changed from 4 hours to 1 hour, and the maximum permissible rate changed from 0.1% to 0.25%. The table below has been updated with details of the new funding rate methodology.

To view the old funding rate methodology please see this page.

Additional Information
Auto-Roll PeriodEvery 1 hour at the end of the hour
Rate-setting Calculation Window

Rate for next period is calculated over current 1-hour period (e.g., rate for 12-13 UTC period is calculated in window between 11-12 UTC)

Funding Rate

Between start and end of the Rate-setting Period the Funding Rate is computed as the time-weighted average premium, and standardised to a per-hour basis.

Permissible range per 1 hours: [-0.25%, +0.25%]*** (i.e., 600 basis point magnitude for 24-hour realisation period)

Payout Frequency

Continuously based on Funding Rate set at the end of the prior Funding Period.

Positions will immediately and continuously receive or send funding while open in the perpetual contracts.

The funding accumulates as unrealised profit/loss and settles every 1 hour at end of the Funding Period, or when user changes net open position (whichever occurs first).

Funding Rate Multiplier

n = 24

This is the coefficient used in the calculation of the funding rate.

A value of 1/n means that, ceteris paribus, it will take n hours to realise the Average Premium.

Example: if the Average Premium is 0.36% for the 1-hour period, then Funding Rate is equal to 0.015%, meaning that over the course of 24 hours, this 0.36% total will be realised.

Funding Rate Calculation

In a given 1-hour Funding Period, Premium values calculated from minutely perpetual contract prices (60 observations) using an Impact Mid are recorded versus the Real Time Platform Ticker.

The Impact Mid is the median of the average entry price market-selling x value of contracts and market-buying x value of contracts. See table above for contract-specific values.

The Average Premium is calculated as the average of the mid 30 values recorded from the above 60 observations.

Finally, this value is weighted by the Funding Rate Multiplier.

If Average Premium is greater than 0 for the 1 hour period, those in Long positions will continuously pay out to Short positions, which pushes the price closer to Index.

If Average Premium is less than 0 for the 1 hour period, those in Short positions will continuously pay out to Long positions, which pushes the price closer to Index.

Trading Hours24 hours/day, 7 days/week, 365 days/year (excluding maintenance)
P&L Settlement Method

Cash settled in USD with optional payout in any of the collateral currencies

(profit only, losses are always realised in USD)

Fee Structure

Kraken Futures uses a maker-taker fee structure. Fees are calculated as a percentage of the notional order value for a matched trade.

No fees are charged on auto-roll or funding payouts -- these occur strictly between counter-parties.

Contract Expiration

The perpetual futures are non-expiring, which means that positions in the contract are never “expired” or “matured”, however there is a settlement process every hour that applies funding to anchor the spot value to the Index.

See Last Trading for more information.

Settlement time

Every 1 hour at the end of the hour:

The accumulated unrealised funding is settled and new rate set based on TWAP premium to index in prior rate period.

Last Trading

This contract remains trading perpetually and would only expire in an emergency situation if Kraken Futures deems necessary to settle/expire the contract.

Kraken Futures reserve the right to set any contract to post-only, suspended, or settle any contract at any time and without warning due to either adverse market conditions or regulatory risk. 

Initial MarginAs low as 2%
Maintenance MarginHalf of Initial Margin
Maximum Initial LeverageUp to 50x
Mark Price

Index Price plus the 30 seconds exponential moving average of the order book mid price minus the index price (future's basis). The premium for perpetual contracts is capped at 1%.

Calculation: Index Price + EMA_30seconds(Impact Mid Price - Index Price)

Note: in the extremely rare circumstance that the Index Price is unavailable for whatever reason, the above caps may not apply and the Mark Price will be equal to the Impact Mid Price.

Margin & Settlement CurrencyUSD, but with full collateral options of BTC, ETH, ADA, DOT, LTC, SOL, XRP, USDT, USDC, EUR, and GBP, adjusted for haircut (see Futures Collateral Currencies)

The funding rate for a given perpetual contract is represented in two different ways:

  • absolute rate: The amount of funding an account will receive by maintaining a 1 contract unit short position for 1 hour. This is more useful for account log purposes. 
    • absolute funding payout = # of contracts * absolute funding rate * time elapsed within funding period without position alteration
  • relative rate: The absolute funding rate relative to the spot price at the time of funding rate calculation. This is an intermediate value in the calculation of the absolute funding rate and is the number we display in the front end (as a %) as the 'funding rate'.
    • relative funding payout = # of contracts * (relative funding rate*spot price) * time elapsed within funding period without position alteration

Funding Rate Examples

In order to get a complete understanding of the funding rate dynamics of the Perpetual Contract, we present examples to demonstrate the key features.

Click the example titles to expand: 

Example Funding Rate 1

Assume time is 12 UTC and that the price of BTC is $37,000 (via bitcoin-dollar real-time index) and the Perpetual trades at $37,100 the whole time until 13 UTC. The average premium is computed as 0.27027% for the 1-hour period (100/37,000). This leads to a funding rate of 0.27027 / 24 = 0.01126125% per hour.

Now assume that you are in a short position of 2 BTC, with 1 BTC perpetual contract valued at $37,100. If you hold this position from 13 to 14 UTC, and the premium in the 13 to 14 UTC period remains as 0.27027%, then you will be paid funding of 8.333325 USD for the one-hour period [(2*37000)*0.0001126125]

Example Funding Rate 2

Assume time is 12 UTC and that price of BTC is $37,000 and the Perpetual trades at $39,700 until 13 UTC. The average premium is computed as 7.297297% for the 1-hour period. This leads to a funding rate of 7.297297 / 24 = 0.30405404% per hour.

The maximum funding rate per hour in any given period is 0.25%. The minimum is -0.25%.

As a result, this 0.30405404% hourly rate is floored to 0.25% per hour, so that the maximum 24 hour realisation will not exceed 6%.

Note that there is no "dampening" of rates done in this model: if a 1 hour computed rate is near 0, then it will pay out non-0 value even if it is de minimis.

Example Funding Rate 3

Assume time is 13 UTC and that the index spot price of BTCUSD is $37,000, and the relative rate set for the 1 hour period is 0.05% per hour.

Now assume the time is 13:30 UTC and the perpetual trades at $38,000 and you enter a Short position of 4 BTC at this price.

You will immediately begin receiving funding at an absolute rate of 0.05%*$37,000 = 18.5 USD per hour per unit.

In your available balance you will then see this rate applying in your unrealised PnL through continuous funding payout equal to:

  • 18.5 * 4 BTC = $74 per hour
  • $1.233 per minute

This will pay out continuously until 14 UTC where the relative funding rate will change based on the market activity between 13-14 UTC.

In your 4 BTC short position at the end of the half hour period you will have $36.99 applied in your account log at 14 UTC.

Assume this new relative funding rate is now 0.03% and the real-time spot index is $37,900 for BTCUSD at 14 UTC. 

From 14 UTC to 15 UTC a new absolute funding rate will begin applying of 0.03%*$37,900=$11.37 per hour per unit.

Example Funding Rate 4

Assume time is 14 UTC and you enter a position long 2 BTC on BTCUSD at 37,000. Assume that the funding rate for the one-hour period (13-14 UTC) is set as -0.04% per hour.

At 15 UTC, after you have held this position for one full hour, you will have earned $29.6 [(0.0004*2 BTC)*37,000], which credits continuously throughout the hour period you hold it.

However, during this period, the price was at a premium and so the new one-hour rate set for 14 - 15 UTC is 0.04% per hour. After one hour of holding the position, you have paid $29.6 and you close at 16 UTC.

Your funding for the two hour period you held the position is thus + $29.6  for the first period and then - $29.6 for the first second and your net flows are 0 for this.

Example Funding Rate 5

Assume it's 12 UTC you are in a 5 BTC long position on BTCUSD with spot index at $37,000 and the rate in the funding period is -0.08%. This earns you funding of:

  • 0.0008 * 5 * 37,000 = $148 for the period
  • $2.4666667 per minute
  • $0.04111111 per second
  • $0.00004111111 per millisecond

This credits and debits every millisecond to every user with an open position. It credits first as unrealised profit and loss, but you have the funds available right away to use in further positions or transfer into your Cash account.

The funding is booked into your account log and realised when one of the following events occur:

  1. 1
    You adjust your open position up or down by any amount
  2. 2
    You hold until the end of the Funding Period, at which point it is booked (occurs at the end of every hour)
Example Funding Rate 6

Assume it's 12 UTC you are in a 3 BTC long position on PF_BTCUSD with spot index at $37,000 and the rate in the funding period is -0.05%. Assume that you have set your profit currency as ETH and you hold this position until the end of the funding period at 13 UTC.

0.0015*37,000*3 = $55.5 per hour

At the end of the period at 13 UTC, assume that the price of ETH is 2,500 (from the ether-dollar real-time index)

The conversion can be calculated using the following:

= Amount in USD to be converted / (Target currency index * (1 - 0.25%))

= 55.5 USD / (2,500 ETHUSD * .9975) 

= 0.022 ETH

An example of what this would look like in the account logs:

Sequence

Timestamp

Wallet

Type

Symbol

Change

136

13:00:00

MC

Funding Rate Change

USD

55.50

137

13:00:00

MC

Conversion

USD

-55.50

138

13:00:00

MC

Conversion

ETH

0.022

The decimal and thousands separators shown in this article may differ from the formats displayed on our trading platforms. Review our article on how we use points and commas for more information.

Last updated: 6 September, 2023